智能障礙者穩定就業之個案研究~以中部某啟智教養院合作廠(場)為例

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Title:	智能障礙者穩定就業之個案研究~以中部某啟智教養院合作廠(場)為例
Other Titles:	The Cases Study on Stable Employment of Intellectual Disabilities－Examples of Collaborative Factories with An Education and Nursing Institution in Central Taiwan
Authors:	夏宜珍 HSIA,YI-CHEN
Contributors:	吳秀照 WU,SHIOU-CHAO 社會工作學系
Keywords:	智能障礙者;穩定就業 Intellectual Disability;Stable Employment
Date:	2014
Issue Date:	2015-03-09T02:43:58Z (UTC)
Abstract:	中文摘要本研究在探討全日型安置機構內智能障礙者穩定就業的經驗，瞭解在何種生態環境與條件促使其穩定就業，並探索社區就業對智能障礙者的意義為何。研究針對三個長期僱用智能障礙者穩定就業的廠(場)進行個案研究，從雇主、智能障礙者與支持系統三方面進行訪談與實地觀察，了解智能障礙者工作的組織、環境與管理方式為何？擁有哪些吸引其持續就業的條件？智能障礙者能穩定就業的個人條件與特質為何？在工作環境與智能障礙者間連結的支持系統，扮演何種功能與角色？研究發現智能障礙者能穩定於社區就業，在於雇主的接納與營造支持的就業環境，考量智能障礙者特質規劃工作、運用增強方式及現場管理，加上有工輔老師協調人際關係，提供安全穩定的就業環境。此外雇主也能回饋智能障礙者滿意的勞動報酬，吸引其持續工作。在就業支持系統部分，機構認為就業是生活照顧的延伸，運用院內人力與資源，建立工輔制度讓生活照顧的老師協助智能障礙者到社區就業、駐廠輔導、建立人際支持網絡，在教保與工輔合一的制度下，職場與教養院能建立良好的溝通橋樑促進穩定就業。此外，智能障礙者雖在文字、數字、邏輯功能上受限制，但仍蘊藏個別的職業潛能，透過工輔制度的支持下他們能展現優勢能力，成為一個有工作能力的人。社區就業需要面對種種壓力與挑戰，智能障礙者因有強烈的工作動機支撐，使他們堅持就業。就業讓他們與社會連結、體驗不同的生活、增進自我效能感、有機會發揮潛能與自我肯定。大部分的智能障礙者都能經歷就業使他們的能力提升，尤其工作帶來的經濟收入使他們有機會實現夢想，進而能產生感恩的心來回饋家人與社會。從研究發現提出下列建議：(一)推動安置機構提供社區就業與回歸社區的服務，研究中發現安置機構內智能障礙者也擁有工作能力，他們的就業權應該被保障，機構不應只是提供教養，也應關注其職涯需求與生涯發展。此外，政府應充實社區獨立居住資源，提供無縫隙的生涯轉銜服務，協助智能障礙者漸進回歸社區，使安置機構資源能有效運用。(二)建立智能障礙者就業服務長期支持策略，研究發現智能障礙者在智力與適應功能限制，需要長期的支持有助於穩定就業。政府在推行支持性就業服務，應依照障礙類別與程度之個別情形，落實提供就業長期支持與措施。(三)提供智能障礙者勞動薪資保障與相關就業脫貧政策。智能障礙者的薪資仍較一般人低，也會因工作收入造成自己與家人福利身分被取消，政府應積極保障或補貼身心障礙者就業薪資，並制定身心障礙者就業脫貧的社會救助措施。 Abstract The study aims at investigating the experience about stable employment of intellectual disabilities in a placement institution, finding the relationship of ecological environment and stable employment, and furthermore, exploring the meanings of employment in community for intellectual disabilities. The qualitative method of in-depth-interview and observation has been applied to collect the data, purposively sampling three cases of factory which have been long term hiring intellectual disabilities. The research subjects include three mentally retarded individuals, employers, and job placement social workers which is so-called supportive system. The results focus on how it works between the organization and management to enforce stable employment, including the features to attract stable employment, the personal characteristics of intellectual disabilities, the functions and roles of the supportive system. The findings point if the employers provide a supportive environment based on the personal characteristics of intellectual disabilities to plan their life career and then use reinforcement program, factory site management, and employment coach, they will have a secure and stable employment. In addition, the degree of salary satisfaction the employers provide is another reason why intellectual disabilities have motivation to stay a continuous working condition. In the supportive system, institutions consider career is extension of the life care. To take advantage of human resource, use employment counseling to assist intellectual disabilities to have job matching in the community, factory site counseling, and build a interpersonal supportive network. Based on cooperation of the education and protection division and employment counseling, job environment and education and nursing intuitions establishes a good communication to enable stable employment. Furthermore, although intellectual disabilities have limitations of literacy, numbers, logical and critical thinking, they still have individual vocational potentials via counseling employment and then become great workers. Intellectual disabilities have to face the difficulties and challenges when they work in the community, but they can continue under the great working motivations. To work in the community make them to build ties with society, experience different styles of life, enhance self-efficacy and have more opportunities to develop their potentials. Most of intellectual disabilities can promote their abilities via experiences of job, especially the salary they earn can have their dreams come true and then have gratitude to contribute for society. The study found and suggested as following: 1.To promote that placement intuition provide the service of career in the community：The study found the working rights of intellectual disabilities should be protected since they have working abilities. Institutions not only provide education and nursing but also the needs of career lifelong development. Moreover, the authorities should enrich the resources of independent living in the community in order to provide seamless career transition service and assist intellectual disabilities to return the community gradually and therefore the resources of placement institutions are made maximum use of effectively.2.To build a long-term support strategy of career service：The study also found the limitations of intelligence and adaption of intellectual disabilities. Therefore, they need long-term support to have stable employment. Moreover, the authorities should aim at the classification of functioning and disability and provide a long-term support and strategies. 3.To provide labor wage prevention and working against poverty policies：The wage intellectual disabilities earn is much lower than ordinary people. They also face the difficulties of canceling welfare if they have job. Furthermore, the authorities should protect their wage or provide subsidy and formulate the working against poverty policies and social assistance policy.
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